Sweden maintained its neutrality. It therefore had to remain on good terms with the Soviet Union as the other allies had abandoned the partnership making it vulnerable to attack. Dollar, and Wolff, (1988, p.551) state that Finland and Sweden are EU member states with advanced and high-performing economies. Their military forces were not subordinate to the Warsaw Pact and they accumulated considerable experience in supervising military peacekeeping actions. Their involvement in regional security is relatively stable compared to that of the Balkans and the South Caucasus. This will lead them not to see NATO membership as an urgent strategy. When NATO established the Partnership for Peace, İnan and Yusuf (1999) state that nations that had been neutral decided to join instead of NATO. Finland and Sweden joined PfP in 1994. The nations choose to cooperate with NATO through PfP and other related mechanisms. This is because joining PfP instead of NATO meant that members remained neutral and did not commit to NATO security and other nation defense policies. Pourchot, (1997, p.160) states that governments had supported membership of PfP and cooperation with NATO because NATO was believed to address security challenges by cooperating, engaging in peacekeeping and force development armies. Finland might not have joined NATO due to regulatory limits requested by Russia. Vaahtoranta and Forsberg.2000, (2000, p.11) state that Russia had placed limits on Finland's relationship with Western political and economic institutions. Finland had no possibility of integration with the West. Integration would only happen in the East. Moscow has placed limits on Finland's relations with Western politics... middle of the paper... loyalty of European forces." Survival 46.2: p.163-182. Michel, LG, 2011 , Finland, Sweden, and NATO: From "Virtual" Allies to Formal Allies?. National Defense University Washington DC Inst For National Strategic Studies: p.6 Lassinantti, G., 2001, "Small States and alliances: a Swedish perspective". Small states and physical alliances. Verlag HD: p.101-111.Yost, DS, 2000, "The capability gap of NATO and the European Union." 42.4: 97-128.Art , R.J., 1998, “Creating a Disaster: NATO's Open-Door Policy.” Political Science Quarterly 113.3: p.383-403. Rühle, M. and Nicholas, N.J.A., 1995, “NATO enlargement and the European Union.” The World Today: 84-88. Dalsjo, M.R.A., 2006, Neutral's covert of war with the West during the Cold War and why they faded over time Diss.1-9