• From the Western perspective: Stereotypes of Arabs and Muslims in the United States: They are mostly presented in many forms by mass media in the United States. Stereotypes about Arabs are usually presented in the form of literature, theater, media and other expressions. These representations had always been negative. There are also negative stereotypes about Arabs and Muslims in American textbooks. Rudolph Valentino's roles in The Sheik (1921) and The Sheik's Son (1926) laid the foundation for the negative portrayal of Arabs in Hollywood films. Both depicted Arab characters such as thieves, charlatans, murderers and brutes. Other foreign films in the 1920s presented similar negative stereotypes of Arabs by linking them to the theme of power hunger and brutality, which are defeated by Westerners. These films are: The Love Song (1923), A Café in Cairo (1924) and The Desert Bride (1928). Simon in his book “Arabs in Hollywood: An Inverted Image of the United Nations” states that the film “A Son of the Sahara (1924) is the strongest film of the 1920s in attacking Arab culture. Even into the 1970s and beyond, these same representations prevailed. Mazin Qumsiyeh, director of media relations for the American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, wrote a report titled “100 Years of Anti-Arab and Anti-Muslim Stereotyping.” In this report, he presented “The Three B Syndromes” which illustrates how Arabs on TV and in films are portrayed as bombers, belly dancers or billionaires. These suggestions were made in reference to the portrayal of Arab men as terrorists or wealthy oilmen while portraying Arab women as sexual objects. Not only that, the report also included cartoons used to insult Arabs and Muslims, and focused on Arabs living in the United States, since they were defined as…paper citizens…urbanites on camels. Furthermore, the film begins with a shady Arab trader trying to buy things, some of which are broken. Only the introduction described the Middle Eastern man as untrustworthy. So the image of Aladdin running away from the guards shows or portrays that the people of the Middle East are greedy. Perception of bias in the 2013 media surveyAn American survey conducted by the Arab American National Museum, the National Network for Arab American Communities and from the National Voices Project. The aim of the survey was to measure the representation of Arabs and Muslims in the media and its impact on children. Early survey results indicate that persistent negative bias in the media is higher for Arabs and Arab-Americans, compared to other racial/ethnic/religious groups. Nearly half of adults (44%) believe the media is biased against Muslims.