In the short story The Brief Happy Life of Francis Macomber, the main character Francis undergoes a drastic personality change between the beginning and the end of history, transforming from a coward to a courageous individual. There are various perspectives on personality to explain this phenomenon, such as the type perspective, the trait perspective, and the motive/need perspective. In this article, I will evaluate Francis's personality from all these perspectives and argue that the motivation/need perspective is the best explanation for Francis's character change, because motivations and needs fluctuate and change depending on external stimuli, while types and the traits don't. Say no to plagiarism. Get a tailor-made essay on "Why Violent Video Games Shouldn't Be Banned"? Get an Original Essay Before evaluating Francis's personality in terms of types, it is important to remember that types are distinct categories to which one does or does not belong. I will use the now popular Meyers-Briggs Type Test to determine Francis' personality. I find Francis to be extroverted rather than introverted, sensitive rather than intuitive, feeling rather than thinking, and perceiving rather than judging. I came to this conclusion because many of Francis' actions seem spontaneous and reckless, such as his harsh exchange with his wife during his outbursts of anger, and his sudden panic upon seeing the wounded lion charging at him. Francis' decision to become braver the next day was also an emotion-driven decision, as logical decisions don't fluctuate that much. Therefore, the key components of Francis's typical personality are the traits of feeling, perceiving, and feeling. Extroversion is hard to discern, but it seemed to be the best fit, given Francis' consistent dialogue throughout the story. In contrast to the typical personality, the trait personality sees characteristics as continuous and dichotomous, located somewhere on a scale between two extremes. A person would therefore not be "extroverted", but would rather possess a certain level of extroversion. I would characterize Francis as cowardly, irritable and proud. The cowardice is evident when Francis runs away from the lion, but it is also seen in his inability to face his wife – to the point that she kisses Wilson in front of him and he hardly responds. Francis is also irritable because he responds passive-aggressively towards his wife during their conversations ("just let the complaining go for a little while"), rather than devising a constructive way to express his frustrations. Finally, Francis is proud, because the only reason he chooses to be less cowardly is self-interest in his manhood and reputation, not out of a desire to grow as a person. In terms of motivations and needs, Francis' personality is clearly characterized by a high need for achievement and intimacy, but oriented more towards avoiding failure than achieving success. In other words, Francis needs to feel a sense of accomplishment because he is afraid of failing in his tasks, and he needs to feel a sense of intimacy because he is afraid of being alone without a partner. This theory is supported by the fact that people with a high need for achievement tend to prefer moderate level tasks, which in Francis' case is buffalo hunting rather than lion hunting, and by the fact that Francis appears to be controlled by his wife, out of fear of her she leaves him. Furthermore, those who are better characterized as wanting to avoid failure rather than achieve success are more likely to be less emotionally satisfied, which explains the tumultuous..