Ross states that to produce a more accountable and democratic government some social changes need to take place. The modernization effect argument drew on earlier work by scholars Inglehart, Lipset, and Deutsch and argued that if “professional specialization, urbanization, and higher levels of education” were to improve, this in turn would help the economy thrive. democracy. Better education would lead to a more enlightened public better equipped to communicate and organize, while improvements in professional specialization would lead to improved skills and a more powerful middle class. However, scholars have found that with oil wealth these social changes are greatly inhibited, and therefore so is the democratic process