Guess argues that conventional theoretical approaches to race fail to explain the “historical consciousness of whiteness as a social norm” (650:2006). They tend to ignore whiteness and treat it as a given or prerequisite (651:2006). This then results in an automatic social devaluation imposed on those who do not meet this norm. Guess argues that racism and colorism work on two levels. First, intentional racism works at the individual level of beliefs and values ​​that stem from historical events such as slavery and Jim Crowe laws (Guess 661:2006). Racism is then internalized into the structure of society, which Guess calls “consequence racism.” Racism is consequently reflected in different educational, economic, and residential opportunities between races, as well as different healthcare standards (652:2006). Such structural inequalities are extremely problematic because they are so deeply internalized that many people may not even realize they exist.