This stage is when individuals develop their cognitive ability to use abstract concepts, logical thinking is one of these skills. Piaget's theory of cognitive development is a comprehensive model of the natural development of human intelligence, believing that childhood plays a critical and active role in an individual's development. Piaget identifies four stages of cognitive development, these include the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational stages. Piaget determined the concrete operational stage of cognitive development when an individual is cognitively capable of successfully performing various mental operations using concrete concepts to initiate critical thinking skills. Consequently, the lack of deductive reasoning that accompanies this stage of cognitive development hinders an individual's ability to predict the outcome of their actions. As they test their physical limits, a lack of cognitive maturity hinders adolescents' ability to predict the outcome of their actions. Formal operational thinking is when an individual can visualize the conclusion of a potential action before it begins. Formal operational thinking requires the ability to think abstractly that combines the ability to classify elements in a deductive order of reason, using higher levels of critical thinking