When the revolution calmed down, the National Assembly attempted to maintain power, however, Napoleon Bonaparte, an outstanding national general, ousted the newly founded republic with a coup d'état in 1799, establishing himself as dictator of France and leading the country to new militaristic heights that stimulated French nationalism and the spread of Enlightenment ideas. Although Bonaparte's title of dictator, emperor in 1804, connotes limited freedom, he actually went to great lengths to implement policies that reflected Enlightenment ideals such as freedom of religion. Bonaparte centralized the French government and moved to consolidate all of Europe under a single nation. By promoting Enlightenment ideals in the places his soldier traveled, Napoleon's conquest laid the foundation. On the island, Enlightenment ideas spread like wildfire among the slave class, and in May 1791 the slaves revolted. Unable to calm the situation due to the potency of disease, yellow fever, and the guerrilla tactics employed by slaves, France quickly began to lose control of the island. In 1794, one man commanded the insurrectionary army, Toussaint Louverture. Louverture agreed to ally with the French to repel the invading British and Spanish forces. In exchange, France granted Louverture the position of governor of Saint-Domingue and freedom for all slaves. Upon closer examination, the European influences on Toussaint Louverture are evident in his portrait. His clothes imitated European army officers and overall the portrait painted Louverture on his war horse resembling Napoleon Bonaparte. During this time, Napoleon rose to power in France and, upon hearing of the slaves' freedom, sent a dedicated armada of ships in 1802 to steal control from Louverture and restore slavery to restore productivity on the sugar plantations. Louverture bravely defended the island but due to a French ploy he found himself in chains and sent to prison. The independence movement of Santo Domingo did not end with Observing the three Declarations of America, France and Haiti, a common theme of freedom, equality and popular sovereignty emerges that arises directly from France. The ideas were so contagious that, even though the Thirteen Colonies had previously fought with France, they could not stop the revelation caused by Enlightenment thinking. Nationalism on a global scale began with France's gain of dominion under Napoleon. While Napoleon physically “liberated” the conquered countries from their previous rules, he simultaneously liberated them intellectually through the exchange of Enlightenment thought. As a result, nations across Europe came together with a new national identity as free men. The French colonies also clamored for reform as Haiti established itself as a free black man. At the end of it all, these physical marks that have stained the geography of the earth all originated with a pen and ink pad in