Development and modernization process in Afghanistan during Amanullah Khan and Türkiye:I. Introduction: This article will examine the process of modernization and development in Afghanistan during the era of Amanullah Khan (1919-1929) and in Turkey during the era of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (1918-1938). Each state had used multiple modernization theories and different approaches to modernize the state and be modernized. Modernization and development have occurred in both countries in unison; while Afghanistan failed to modernize under Amanullah Khan, Turkey under Ataturk managed to modernize and develop. I will use the theories of Ibn-Khaldon, Weber, Smelser and Rostow, war making and state making of Charles Tilley, to carry out a comparative analysis of modernization in both states and the aspects that led to Turkey's modernization and fall of Amanullah Khan's government. The idea of ​​modernization is relatively new and was defined by the French philosopher Marquis de Condorcet in the 18th century. The theory was based on the idea that people could develop and change their own society. Furthermore, Modernization can be defined as the process of transformation from a traditional society to a modern society. Therefore, modernization is key regarding openness to new experiences regarding both people and behaviors, and represents the shift of allegiance from those individuals in traditional authority structures (e.g. Khans, religious leaders) to those representing modern institutions (e.g. government leaders). On the other hand, development is the process of gradual growth of a state, those countries which have carried out the four aspects of state building have succeeded in developing their states and modernizing themselves while others have failed.II. Modern...... middle of paper...... the new currency for the country (Afghani). As defined by Charles Tilly, state building requires four phases "war making, state making, protection and extraction", extraction is the main element in which the state manages to implement all the other three elements of building of the state. Amanullah Khan's reforms failed in Afghanistan due to several reasons, the first cause of Amanullah Khan's economic reforms was due to the mountainous structure of the state where the state failed to collect taxes from the citizens of the country and as well as the capitalists failed to earn more profits as they were unable to move their products to different parts of the country. Furthermore, the reason for its failure was that once paid religious and tribal leaders from the family of the king and ancestors of Amanullah Khan, during the era of Amanullah Khan were forced to pay taxes for the state..