In the first part of the article Sowell states that there is a contrast between a widely known difference and a difference that would not exist under other circumstances and he defined that difference as discrimination. Wise's article represents the same idea when evaluating the social construction of racism. The color of someone's skin was never an issue until society made it one by manufacturing the idea that a person born into the minority will not have the same good chances as someone born into the majority. Sowell explains a widely known difference by emphasizing the connection between privilege and academic achievement. This is best expressed when he talks about the rich and privileged individuals in society who know that redistribution could correct inequality, but don't want to give up their lifestyle to do so. The privileges they enjoy allow them to feel superior, receiving greater opportunities. Tim Wise states in his article that performance differences across racial groups and measured on intelligence tests are based solely on the surrounding environment and not on genes. In communities lacking financial resources, teachers are fired to fund programs that help students excel in educational endeavors. However, these programs are only as useful as the student allows. If they don't get motivation from