557). That is, according to Roberts and Jackson, imprisonment is not sufficiently represented by the study of human society and the social relationships of detained individuals. Furthermore, they provide the reader with the idea that the research conducted thus far arguing that the effects of incarceration do not affect individuals mentally may not be well documented. This makes the reader wonder whether or not Bonta and Gendreau are justifiable in their argument in stating that imprisonment does not affect individuals mentally or emotionally. Roberts and Jackson use well-founded and credible evidence to argue that it cannot be substantiated that long-term confinement has no effect on the mental and emotional state of a human being.