IntroductionThe repercussions of glaciation during the Carboniferous and Permian periods are found in the landmasses that were once joined to form the geological supercontinent, Gondwana. A series of periods of fragmentation divided the supercontinent, ultimately lasting 500 million years (quote). The continents that were once unified include the landmasses that are now part of the Southern Hemisphere, including Antarctica, South America, Africa, India, and Australia (citation). Australia formed the northeastern part of the Gondwana coast, north of Antarctica (figure). About 250 million years ago, the Permo-Carboniferous period was characterized by great glaciations. (citation) Glacial activity was thought to occur primarily from the Middle Carboniferous (c. 327 Ma) to the early Late Permian (c. 260 Ma). It peaked in global cooling and glacial activity in the Late Early Permian, reaching its end in the Late Permian (citation). During this period of global cooling, central Gondwana was covered by an ice sheet. The presence of glacial ice today, as described in (textbook), is due to h...