Topic > Heavy Metal Tungsten - 677

Heavy Metal Tungsten (W) is used in many applications around the world due to its high melting point and strength when alloyed with other metals. Tungsten and its alloys were generally considered inert and therefore posed minimal threat to the environment and biological systems (Koutsospyroset al., 2006). As a result, in the late 1990s, the US Army replaced lead (Pb) and depleted uranium (DU) in kinetic energy penetrators and small ammunition with tungsten and its alloys. Munitions containing tungsten were considered safe and were called “green bullets” in the media. However, recent findings suggest that tungsten may have detrimental effects on biological systems: cells induced to undergo apoptosis by topotecan treatment (Kratzmeier et al., 1999). Cytoplasmic pools in histone H1 in murine hepatocytes have also been previously identified (Zlatanova et al., 1990), as has the presence of cytoplasmic H1 in intestinal villous cells undergoing apoptosis (Roseet al., 1998). While there is a functional connection between the cytoplasmic localization of H1b and/or H1d an...