A direct pathway results from changes that stress causes in the body's physiology and an indirect pathway that affects an individual's health through their behavior. If stress affects someone's behavior, it could lead to illness or make current conditions worse. Stressors related to life events could potentially cause an individual to behave in ways that could one day cause them to become more likely to become ill as a result of the situation. Stress can also cause changes in eating behavior. Someone dealing with high stress is more likely to consume high-fat diets and consume fewer fruits and vegetables than people who are low stress. High-stress individuals are more likely to smoke tobacco and consume larger amounts of alcohol. Behaviors such as smoking cigarettes are associated with the development of chronic diseases such as lung cancer. A study by Michael Lawless, Katherine Harrison, and others titled Perceived Stress and Smoking-Related Behaviors and Symptoms in Male and Female Smokers. (2015). the study was created to investigate the association between stress and smoking-related stress-reduction behaviors. The authors discussed how smoking to reduce stress varies between males and females. “A strong positive association was observed between perceived stress and nicotine withdrawal symptoms in smokers of both sexes, with a greater effect observed in women. These findings highlight the importance of stress reduction in smokers, which can lead to reduced withdrawal symptoms and more effective smoking cessation.” (Lawless M. Harrison K. et al). Stress can also affect the likelihood of becoming accident prone. High-stress people are more likely to have physical accidents, whether they are sports-related accidents or accidents such as driving. Stress affects an individual's sleep, which can also play a role in accidents. Sleep disorders