6. first law of thermodynamics / second law of thermodynamicsThe first law of thermodynamics is that heat is work and work is heat. Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be converted from one form to another. The first law of thermodynamics would be to eat food. Humans turn food into chemical energy, and humans need that energy to continue to function. The second law of thermodynamics is that heat can only be transferred to colder objects and not to hotter objects. An example would be melting ice in a refrigerator. The cold of the ice does not leave the refrigerator, but the heat transfers to the refrigerator to melt the ice. The third law is that work or energy input is equal to work done plus heat. Some thermal energy will always be wasted, like a computer emitting heat. According to the first law, when energy is transferred from one form to another, there will always be wasted heat due to the second law. This is because energy is converted from a useful form to a less useful form. The least useful form is heat.7. antiport / simportThe antiport brings a molecule into the cell at the same time as it brings a molecule out of the cell. Anti means opposite and porto means to bring. The sodium-potassium exchange pump is an example of an antiporter. This is due to the breakdown of ATP. Three sodium ions bind to the ATP protein inside the cell (cytoplasmic side), then bind to the protein which causes phosphorylation. Subsequently, phosphorylation exchanges the three sodium ions with two potassium ions. The symporter introduces two molecules simultaneously into the cell. Sym means with and port means to carry. Sodium (NA-) pairs with a molecule such as glucose and amino acids to bring it into the cell. Overall, the sodium gradient uses the pumps... in the center of the paper... the radiant within the thylakoid membrane. The hydrogen atoms find a protein channel (ATP synthase) to pump them out of the thylakoid called facilitated diffusion. Hydrogen flows through ATP synthase, which is used as energy, and then binds ADP with phosphate to create ATP. Hydrogen atoms travel through ATP synthase and connect NADP+ to create NADPH. As you see, the two chemiosmosis pathways are similar within ATP synthase (hydrogen pumps) and both use electron transport chains to create ATP. The difference is that aerobic respiration is in the cytoplasm and photorespiration is in the mitochondria. In photorespiration, light is converted into ATP and also pumps hydrogen to the thylakoid using the ATP synthase pump. Aerobic respiration converts glucose to ATP and pumps hydrogen into the mitochondria using the ATP synthase pump.