Epidemiology training extends into the post-graduation working life of a young professional in the form of multi-year scholarships. These scholarships serve as preliminary work experience (under the guidance of experienced mentors) and as a final bridge from a predominantly academic to a practical world. Unlike other healthcare careers, epidemiology does not require certification. However, for those who wish to further their education and improve their employment opportunities, there are two bodies that offer certification exams: the Certification Board for Infection Control and Epidemiology (CBIC) and the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC). ). Some epidemiologists, such as those in clinical and academic roles, may also receive certifications and licenses from organizations such as the American Medical Association (AMA) (publichealth.org