Memphis was the capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom and was built by Narmer. Memphis was important for trading centers and pyramids ("Ancient Egyptian Pharaohs"). Thebes was the capital of Egypt during the Middle and New Kingdoms and had many religious centers ("Ancient Egyptian Pharaohs"). Akhetaten, also known as Amarna, was the capital ruled by Pharaoh Akhetaten himself and when he died he made the capital ("The Ancient Egyptian Pharaohs"). Pi-Ramesses was the capital built by Ramesses II during his reign. Alexandria was built by Alexander the Great during the Ptolemaic period ("The Ancient Egyptian