The Protocol is a successful international meeting as it was able to achieve ratification of the required number of 55 countries contributing 55% of global emissions since 1990 (Carbonify) . However, entry into force was delayed for over seven years due to the United States' refusal to ratify the Protocol, thus blocking the 55% condition. Furthermore, the Protocol has been effective in setting quantifiable targets based on scientific evidence, measuring global and national concentrations of greenhouse gases and corresponding temperature changes. However, the Protocol has faced challenges with ratifying nations committing to their reduction targets. While some nations managed to meet their targets and even exceed them, such as the United Kingdom, the Czech Republic and Lithuania, others, including Canada (withdrew), Austria and Switzerland, fell short of their targets. same results (Schiermeier