1. Define the following terms in one or two sentences each? Ethnocentrism, hate crimes, stereotype. Ethnocentrism can be defined as an individual's belief that the ethnic or cultural group with which he or she identifies is superior to all others. “The ethnocentric person judges other groups and cultures by the standards of his or her own group” (Schaefer 34). A hate crime is a crime, usually involving violence or intimidation committed against others, based partially or entirely on race, ethnicity, gender. , religion, sexual orientation, or membership in another social group.“Unreliable stereotypes, exaggerated generalizations about all members of a group that do not take individual differences into account” (Schaefer 40). Stereotypes can be positive, but are usually associated with negative beliefs or actions such as racial profiling.2. Distinguish between prejudice and discrimination. Although prejudice and discrimination are closely related, the terms are not interchangeable. Prejudice is a negative attitude, feeling, thought or belief towards an entire category of people. There are two important factors that are present in the definition of prejudice, and they are attitude and the entire category (Schaefer 35). “Discrimination is the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or other arbitrary reasons” (Schäfer 35). Discrimination differs from prejudice in that it refers to behavior or action usually based on prejudice rather than just thoughts.3. Briefly summarize the following theories of prejudice: scapegoating, authoritarian personality, exploitation, normative approach. Scapegoating is when a person irrationally places the blame for their failures on others, therefore not taking responsibility. The “scapegoat theory says that prejudiced people believe they are victims of society” (Schaefer 38). It is always someone else's fault if things don't go right and the person "...transfers responsibility for the failure to some vulnerable group" (Schaefer 38). A psychological construct called authoritarian personality believes that a person's upbringing can cause intolerance as an adult. The rigid personality type does not like different people. “A child with an authoritarian upbringing would obey and then treat others as he was raised (Schaefer 39). Exploitation theory involves a group of people, usually the majority, using another group of people for their own economic gain. “Racial prejudice is often used to justify keeping a group in a subordinate economic position” (Schaefer 39). Exploitation occurs when a minority group competes with the majority group. “Karl Marx emphasized the exploitation of the lower classes as an integral part of capitalism” (Schaefer 39).