Physical activity is the key to success in treating chronic low back pain (CLBP), and exercise itself has the most permanent and long-lasting effects ( Abenhaim et al. 2000). Although the variety of available conservative, complementary, and surgical treatments, such as medications, heat therapies, ergonomic and self-care advice, and patient education, have proven beneficial for CLBP, the primary focus at present is to provide effective interventions as well as reducing healthcare costs. Exercise has become a very effective physiotherapeutic treatment for CLBP that reduces pain and disability, improves overall health, and decreases socioeconomic impact (Middelkoop et al. 2010; Bronfort et al. 2011; Chan 2011). However, there is little evidence to support the specific exercise program for the treatment of CLBP due to the different physiological and psychological aspects of exercise that have not been analyzed in detail. This essay aims to evaluate relevant research findings (according to the author's best use of data critical appraisal) in an attempt to identify the most effective exercise programs as a treatment of CLBP relevant to the case study in Table 1. Tim is a 50-year-old hill farmer who suffers from low back pain radiating to the posterior (R) aspect of the thigh, sometimes accompanied by P&N. It has been present for about 6 months. This pain is intermittently aggravated by walking and standing. He currently has difficulty at work (S 6/10) the pain is relieved by flexing the spine or lying down. He has no warning signs, but some concerns about his future. Table 1 Non-specific low back pain (LBP) is one of the most frequent musculoskeletal disorders associated with psychological and physical dysfunctions causing...... half of the document .... .. Dr. Ostelo R., Koes B., van Tulder M. (2010) Physical therapy for chronic non-specific low back pain. Best Practices and Research Clinical Rheumatology Vol. 24 pp: 193–204. Hemmings HC and Hopkins PM, (2006) Foundations of Anesthesia 2nd ed. Elsevier. Hudspith MJ, Siddall PJ and Munglani R. Pain physiology.Ota M., Kaneoka K., Hangal M., Koizumi K., Muramatsu T. (2011) Effectiveness of lumbar stabilization exercises to reduce chronic low back pain and improve quality - of-Life. Journal of Physical Therapy Science Vol. 23 pp: 679-681. van Tulder MW, Malmivaara A., Esmail R., Koes BW, (2000) Physical therapy for low back pain (review). The Cochrane Collaboration.Slade SC, Ther MM, Keating JL (2006) Trunk strengthening exercise for chronic low back pain: a systematic review. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapy Vol. 29 pages:163-173.