For example, young pregnant girls not only run the risk of joining a gang, but so do their children if they do not receive sufficient care before, during and after pregnancy (Simon et al., 2013). Women are also often victims of domestic abuse and if their children grow up in a violent household, they will be at greater risk of aggression, abusive behavior and hurting others. For this reason, programs aimed at youth at high risk of gang membership should promote communication, conflict resolution, and healthy ways of venting anger. For example, such a program could involve martial arts, which teaches discipline, learning to fight only as self-defense, and respect for one's own body and that of others. Another good example of early intervention programs are the Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts. Programs such as these promote appropriate peer relationships, the building of self-confidence and self-confidence, as well as a sense of belonging and responsibility in the context